Extrusion-based 3D printed biodegradable porous iron

Extrusion-based 3D printing followed by debinding and sintering is a powerful approach that allows for the fabrication of porous scaffolds from materials (or material combinations) are otherwise very challenging to process using other additive manufacturing techniques. Iron one have been recently shown be amenable processing this approach. Indeed, fully interconnected design has potential resolving fundamental issue regarding bulk iron, namely low rate biodegradation. However, no extensive evaluation biodegradation behavior properties iron made extrusion-based reported. Therefore, in vitro behavior, electrochemical response, evolution mechanical along with biodegradation, responses an osteoblastic cell line printed were studied. An ink formulation, as well matching printing, conditions, was developed create porosity 67%, pore interconnectivity 96%, strut density 89% after sintering. X-ray diffracometry confirmed presence ?-iron phase without any residuals rest ink. Owing geometrically designed macropores random micropores struts, corrosion much improved compared counterpart, 7% mass loss 28 days. The remained range those trabecular bone despite days direct culture MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts on led substantial reduction living count, caused high concentration ions, revealed indirect assays. On hand, ability cells spread form filopodia indicated cytocompatibility products. Taken together, study shows great further biodegradable substituting biomaterial.